British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History (ISSN: 2754-5261) is an open-access peer-reviewed international journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It publishes high quality, refereed papers once a year. Papers reporting original research or extended versions of the already published conference/journal papers are all welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer reviewing to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The journal publishes original papers of high scientific value in all areas of Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and History. Survey articles dealing with the interaction between different fields are also welcome.
The Contribution of Muslim Scholars to the Transmission of Scientific Knowledge and the Emergence of the European Renaissance
The transmission of scientific knowledge from the Islamic world to Europe represents one of the most influential intellectual exchanges in world history. Between the eighth and fifteenth centuries CE, Muslim scholars preserved, translated, critically evaluated, and significantly expanded the scientific heritage of Greek, Persian, Indian, and other civilizations. Their original contributions in medicine, mathematics, astronomy, optics, chemistry, and philosophy were transmitted to Europe primarily through al-Andalus, Sicily, and the medieval Translation Movement. This study aims to examine the role of Muslim scholars in the preservation, development, and dissemination of scientific knowledge and to analyze the impact of this process on European intellectual development. A descriptive–analytical research method was employed using primary historical sources and contemporary scholarly literature. The findings indicate that Muslim scholars not only safeguarded ancient scientific knowledge but also introduced innovative theories, experimental methods, and mathematical concepts that profoundly influenced European universities and intellectual life. The translation of Arabic scientific works into Latin during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries provided European scholars with access to advanced scientific knowledge, thereby contributing substantially to the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. The study concludes that the advancement of modern science resulted from continuous intercultural exchange rather than the isolated achievements of any single civilization. Islamic civilization served as a vital bridge between the scientific traditions of antiquity and the emergence of modern European science, leaving a lasting legacy in the global history of knowledge.
Islamic Civilization; Muslim Scholars; Knowledge Transmission; Translation Movement; European Renaissance; History of Science; Scientific Development
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the role of European colonialism in the formation of the political order and borders of the Middle East
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial rivalries of European powers, especially Britain and France, played a decisive role in drawing the political borders of the Middle East. With the weakening and collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the victorious powers divided the Arab regions under Ottoman rule by concluding political agreements and treaties, including the Sykes-Picot Agreement and other colonial treaties. This division was made mainly based on the strategic and economic interests of the European powers, and little attention was paid to the historical, cultural and ethnic realities of the societies of the region. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, examines the political, strategic and economic processes of European colonialism in the Middle East and analyzes its long-term consequences on the border, ethnic and political crises of the region. The findings show that many of the current borders of the Middle East were drawn based on foreign interests and did not take into account the ethnic and cultural cohesion of the societies. This situation has created long-term conflicts, political instability and security challenges in the region. By presenting historical and analytical evidence, this study highlights the importance of understanding the historical roots of the Middle East crises and shows that without understanding this colonial legacy, the analysis of the region's political and social developments will be incomplete.
European colonialism, Middle East, Border formation, Political borders and artificial borders
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Coffee Valorisation as Government Failure: The Common-Pool Problem and Brazil’s Loss of Global Hegemony (1889–1930)
This article analyses coffee valorisation in Brazil between 1889 and 1930. It contrasts approaches that view the state as aligned with class interests with a public choice perspective centred on organised groups. It argues that valorisation persisted because it generated benefits for exporters while distributing costs across less organised groups, consistent with a fiscal common-pool problem. Evidence from the Taubaté Agreement indicates that price support was financed through external borrowing and implemented through exchange-rate depreciation and monetary expansion. Over time, incentives encouraged supply expansion and reduced Brazil’s market position as competitors entered. Fiscal pressure constrained other public spending. The case illustrates government failure.
Coffee valorisation; Taubaté Agreement; Brazilian Old Republic; public choice theory; common-pool problem; coffee oligarchy; exchange-rate depreciation.
Copyright (c) 2026 British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
The intellectual roots of Abbasid politics in proving the legitimacy of the caliphate
Historical sources agree that the Abbasid state originated in its early stages as an organized movement aimed at ending the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate. The idea for its founding and organization is attributed to Abu Hashim Abdullah ibn Muhammad (al-Hanafiyya), son of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and was later passed on to Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Based on this transfer of power, the Abbasids became the proponents of the movement, which is said to have begun in 98 AH, calling for the end of Umayyad rule and its restoration to its rightful owners. Therefore, it is considered the first widespread and organized movement in the Islamic state. However, after the success of their movement and their assumption of power, they encountered opposition from their own supporters and those who had joined their ranks. This was because their slogan was "For the satisfaction of the family of Muhammad," and when it became clear that it did not refer to the Alawites, they opposed them, understanding that the slogan was intended for the Alawites, not the Abbasids. The Abbasids, having removed the rightful heirs to the caliphate—the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him)—needed to find foundations and means to legitimize their rule. They diligently searched for these foundations and presented a series of claims, the most prominent of which was the abdication of Abu Hashim Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya and their acquisition of the "Yellow Scroll," the document of Imam Ali. Not content with this, they applied all the hadiths of the Prophet concerning the Mahdi to themselves. They brought out their banners from Khorasan, made them black, and entrusted a young man, no more than twenty years old, with carrying them to convince people that they were the ones foretold by the Prophet. However, they did not succeed in their claims due to a clear contradiction between their assertions and their actions after the movement's success, as they did not possess any of the qualities mentioned in the hadiths. The Prophet spoke about the awaited Mahdi and his caliphate.
Roots – Call – Abu Hashim – Yellow Newspaper – Legitimacy
Research on the correlation and impact between the Chuanqing people and the Shuixi incident
As a local group with unique cultural and social characteristics, the Chuanqing people in Guizhou have not received sufficient academic attention in terms of their historical development, cultural inheritance, and interaction with other ethnic groups. This study explores the relationship between the Chuanqing people in Guizhou and the Ming and Qing Shuixi events through historical literature analysis and field investigations, revealing the role and contribution of the Chuanqing people in this historical event, as well as the long-term impact of the event on the development of the Chuanqing ethnic group. Research has found that the people of Chuanqing, with their unique cultural and social background, became a key force in the Shuixi incident, providing multifaceted support and playing an irreplaceable role in it. At the same time, the Shuixi incident also led to a shift in the ethnic identity of the Chuanqing people, promoting their socio-economic status and expanding their living space. This study provides a new perspective and empirical support for understanding ethnic policies and ethnic relations in the southwestern region during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Chuanqing people, Shuixi incident,Ethnic relations
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Is Groupthink a Real or Perceived Threat? Refocusing on Originality and Diversity Versus Groupthink in Organizational Ecosystems
This review examines the tensions between originality and diversity, and groupthink, in organizational ecosystems. The overarching inquiry is whether groupthink is a real or perceived threat in organizations. The review will determine if the concepts are mutually exclusive or inclusive and how to preserve diversity seemingly when groupthink pressures are evident. This review explores peer-reviewed recent studies focused on originality and diversity, and groupthink, and their pertinent features. The focus of the review includes the description of originality and diversity, and groupthink, the origins of groupthink, how groupthink thwarts originality and diversity, illustrations of groupthink, and how to overcome the groupthink challenge. The review revealed that while groupthink can provide short-term cohesion, it increases the risk of flawed decision-making processes. Besides, originality and diversity, and groupthink, are mutually exclusive. The groupthink challenge is becoming evident in contemporary society and is potentially affecting the quality of public policies. Although diversity and groupthink are mutually exclusive, organizations could promote innovation and creativity through leadership support and the intentional design of team dynamics. Achieving a productive balance between the concepts could reduce the risk of ill-advised decisions. Future research on the cultural, technological, and team evolution related to groupthink is necessary.
Groupthink, originality, diversity, consensus, innovation, leadership, decision-making
The Contextual Mindset of Worlds 1, 2 and 3 as Constructs in Scientific Knowledge Processing during Research Activities
Real and imaginary boundaries of reality affect the contexts pertaining to the processing of knowledge. This study review examines how the integration of Worlds 1, 2, and 3 as constructs serves as a framework for analyzing the advancement of knowledge through research initiatives. In this regard, the empirical context and the physical environment where data is collected represent World 1, while the scientific and epistemic advancement of knowledge is World 2. Critical thought and metascience combined make World 3. This study review focused on how Worlds 1, 2, and 3 inspire a growth mindset toward constructive synergy, and an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the interplay between global and local levels of research. Each world holds significance, but only through their possible integration can a coherent and systematic approach to scientific research be achieved. The study review conducted analyzed literature on the constructs of Worlds 1, 2, and 3 from various disciplines that include social sciences, healthcare, and education. The focus was on the functions of collecting empirical data (World 1); analyzing data and developing conceptual frameworks, and theories (World 2); and meta-reflective and scientific self-evaluation (World 3). It also analyzed how adopting a growth versus a fixed mindset, the blending of global and local contexts, and the role of teamwork from different professions in dealing with advanced multifaceted research problems and projects influenced innovation in research. The findings of the study were noteworthy. The first finding was that World 1 focuses on activities that allow for empirical data collection in areas such as healthcare and education. The second finding was that World 2 incorporates empirical evidence into developing and analyzing scientific theories within a framework of systematic construction and analysis. The third finding was that World 3 encourages critical reflection that underpins the validity and usefulness of the research. The fourth finding was that a developed mindset fostered creativity, perseverance, and interdisciplinary collaboration, while a fixed mindset inhibited innovation and creativity. The last finding was essential in that the connection formed between global and local contexts enhanced the purpose of the research, while interprofessional approaches enabled holistic solutions to the problems. The study review demonstrates that fixed-mindset researchers do not necessarily embrace change, and are possibly averse to failure in examination. This review recommends employing an empirical, methodological, and self-reflective framework for conducting thorough research and in-depth intellectual inquiry. Further research is required on the application of the integrated constructs from Worlds 1, 2, and 3 in other fields, particularly in virtual and digital research contexts. This review promotes the use of thoughtful approaches to context-focused reasoning to enhance science rigorously, and address pressing contemporary issues within ecosystems in a critically reflective manner.
Scientific Knowledge Processing, Constructs World 1, World 2, World 3, Growth Mindset, Interdisciplinary Research, Global-local Context, Critical Reflection
From the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Egypt, and Russia to Europe: A Look at 19th Century Travelogues
Travelogues are considered one of the main historical sources, a significant part of the historical material discussed by old and new historians is devoted to historical journeys and recording the experiences and achievements of other communities and lands, in the 18th and 19th centuries AD (similar to the development of motorized transport), overland travel from west to east and east to west increased greatly, and many travelers with different purposes and motivations traveled long sea and land routes. In the years when they were away from their original homelands, they were occupied with recording the status of other communities and lands, some of these travel writers initially traveled for different purposes such as business, studying science or establishing relations between governments, and writing travelogues was not their main occupation and most did so while doing other things. The main purposes and motivations of travel in the 18th and 19th centuries included trading, learning new information and experiences, establishing diplomatic relations between governments, escaping from the tyranny of rulers or forced exile, spreading and disseminating religious beliefs, discovering societies, and especially in the 19th century, unknown cultures and the endless human adventure instinct that led to important and influential journeys throughout human history. Although Europeans made exploration and adventurous trips before Easterners in the contemporary period, even the memories and descriptions of Europeans about Eastern countries constitute a significant part of the historical sources of the modern period. After the Great French Revolution, Europe was attractive and important to the people of the East, and travelers from the East, especially from the neighbors of this continent, including the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Iran, and Russia, entered Europe. In the new era, the West of the World was accepted as the birthplace and origin of modernity and various developments, a model and guide for progress and civilization, and the intellectuals and writers of that period sought to develop their governments by following and imitating Europe as the path of progress and development. The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Egypt, which were geographically connected and close to Europe, have always been at the center of tourist traffic to and from Europe. Having a special position in the Middle East, the lands of Iran have always attracted the attention of Western tourists and adventurers, in the 18th and 19th centuries, commercial and political travels between Iran and Europe increased, and during this period, Iranian rulers and kings always sent many ambassadors, businessmen and students to the West due to Western science and technology, and at the same time, they received the support of Western powers for the continuation of their reign. In this article, I have tried to briefly review the European travel experiences by taking four examples of Eastern tourists (Ottoman, Iranian, Egyptian, and Russian), the relatively different aspects of contemporary Europe are reflected in the travelogues discussed, and although there are many similarities, the differences in narrative and vision are clear and evident in these travelogues, of course, the topics discussed in this article are selected from their travelogues and some related works and articles.
Travelogue, Nineteenth century, European history, Traditionalism, Modernism
The Social and Linguistic Landscape of Male Sex Workers: Exploring Lived Realities and Negotiation Strategies
This research explores the lived experiences of male sex workers with a focus on understanding the challenges they face, the coping strategies they employ, as well as the language they usually use when interacting with clients. Employing a qualitative multiple case study approach, the methodology involves in-depth interviews of five male sex workers whose age ranges from 19-21 years old and natives of San Juan, Southern Leyte, Philippines. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of their experiences, coping mechanisms, and the vocabulary they employ when communicating with clients. The key results reveal that these informants encounter significant challenges, including financial difficulties, thus resulting in engaging in this profession, moreover, they also face discrimination, social exclusion, and safety risks. Despite these challenges, these male sex workers navigate their lives as sex workers by using coping strategies such as discrimination acceptance, socializing and enjoyment with peers, and self-confidence and resiliency. A total of forty-eight (48) expressions emerged from the collected data. These expressions were categorized into: Introductory Signals, Name Substitution, and Sexual Services.
Copyright (c) 2025 British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
Social Crowd Management: A Proposition to Innovative Intermediate-Diploma in Social Sciences
This study aims to highlight the availability of academic and applied programs specializing in the social management of crowds and to set out a vision for an innovative intermediate diploma program based on the integration of disciplines in the social sciences (social work, sociology, and psychology) and applying the relevant knowledge, skills, and values in these disciplines in line with developments in the Saudi labour market and Vision 2030 programs, and to measure the actual demand for this diploma in the labour market. To achieve this, the survey method was used. The sample consisted of (25) curricula for academic and applied programs on crowd management using the document analysis tool. The sample also consisted of (64) faculty members, (15) private sector employers, and (29) administrative managers practicing crowd management to whom the two questionnaire instruments were applied. The results revealed that no academic or applied curricula fit the courses of the proposed Intermediate Diploma Program "Social Management of Crowds", so it could be called as an "innovative diploma". The responses of the sample to the proposed scenario were (high) and the need for a diploma in "Social Management of Crowds" in the labour market was high. The study recommended that the intermediate diploma in "social management of crowds" be introduced in the applied colleges of Saudi universities, especially given the increase in mass events and occasions in Saudi society.
Management, Crowd Management, Social Management of Crowds, Diploma in Social Sciences - interdisciplinary approach
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Dynamics of Labour and the Overcoming of Feudalism: Internal Contradictions and Socioeconomic Transformations
This article analyses the transformations within the feudal system in Western Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, focusing on the interplay of economic, social, and political dynamics. It highlights the decline of personal obligations and the shift from in-kind rents to monetary rents, driven by increasing peasant autonomy and the monetisation of the economy. Economic shifts, such as monetisation, reshaped feudal relations and set the stage for new modes of production. These changes destabilised the feudal order as inflation eroded the value of fixed tributes, leading to the fragmentation of the seigneurial domain. The rise of urban centres and market expansion accentuated internal contradictions, particularly between the productive forces (the tools, skills, and knowledge used in production) and production relations (the social relationships people enter into during the production process). These contradictions paved the way for the dissolution of feudal structures. Drawing on a Marxist perspective, this study underscores the centrality of class tensions and systemic contradictions in the transition towards a capitalist economy grounded in labour mobility and private property.
Colonialism and Local Elites: Lyautey's Colonial Experience in Morocco as a Case Study
This article presents a thorough analysis of the dynamics that developed between the Moroccan makhzen elites and the French Resident General Hubert Lyautey during the period of the French protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956). The article examines how Lyautey, by employing carefully crafted strategies, effectively utilized the Moroccan elite as a pivotal tool for strengthening colonial dominance, all the while preserving the traditional and social values inherent in Morocco. The makhzen elites represent a pivotal component of the traditional Moroccan framework, having wielded considerable administrative and religious authority before the advent of the protectorate, thus justifying their prominent role in this analysis. The article suggests that these elites stood at a crucial juncture, where they had to decide between opposing French dominance and collaborating with the colonial administration to preserve their status and privileges. Lyautey upheld the conventional social and political structure, leveraging this context to advance the execution of colonial policies. As a result, a considerable portion of them chose to engage in collaboration. The article highlighted the "dual cooperation policy" that Lyautey put into practice. He upheld various conventional administrative frameworks, such as the Sharia judiciary and the Emirate of the Faithful, thus presenting himself as a guardian of authentic Moroccan values. This approach ensured the relative stability of the country during that period by striking a delicate equilibrium between the enforcement of French authority and the maintenance of the traditional Moroccan regime's outward appearance. The article says that the makhzen elites weren't just tools of colonial power; instead, they showed that they could negotiate to protect their own interests in a colonial setting. In this light, it's clear that Lyautey’s relationship with these elites was more than just dependence; it was a complex one characterised by mutual interests that overlapped. This research reveals a deep understanding of the complexities of power within the context of colonialism, illustrating how France leveraged local traditional forces to bolster its colonial endeavours while refraining from dismantling or supplanting them. This methodology played a significant role in shaping the distinctive identity of the French colonisation in Morocco.
French Colonialism, Protectorate, Hubert Lyautey, Makhzen Elites, Colonial Dynamics
Copyright (c) 2024 British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
Traditions and Convergences of Archetypal Criticism: Jung's and Frye's Articulation and Application of the Concept of ‘Archetype’
The concept of archetypes and archetypal literary criticism are frequent topics in Western criticism, developed on the basis of the concept of 'archetype,' which originated in the Cambridge School of the United Kingdom at the beginning of the twentieth century and reached its peak in North America in the fifties and sixties. The Canadian scholar Northrop Frye, on the other hand, is recognised as an exponent of this critical theory. Frye's archetypal criticism is particularly influenced by the concept of 'archetype' in Jung's theory of analytical psychology, which is quite consistent in its interpretation of the nature and practical use of the concept of archetypes but inevitably carries with it certain limitations. The discussion explores the similarities and differences in the conceptualisation and use of Frye's and Jung's theories of ‘archetypes’ and to comment on the achievements of archetypal theory in both.
Analysis and Resolution of Parent-Child Conflict Caused by Teenagers' Use of Electronic Devices
This study examines the correlation between adolescent electronic device usage and parent-child conflicts. Through literature review and empirical research, we found a moderate positive correlation, primarily due to communication barriers and excessive device use. To address these issues, the paper proposes key strategies: fostering open family communication, setting reasonable device-use regulations, encouraging diverse interests, and providing digital literacy education. These approaches are essential for enhancing family education and promoting the healthy growth of adolescents. By offering a concise understanding of this relationship, the research provides practical guidance to families, schools, and society, facilitating harmonious family development.
Parent-child conflict; family relationships; Electronic Equipment; Teens
Broken and Disorienting: An Exploration of Religious Views under Toynbee's Concept of Civilization
Toynbee, a famous British historical philosopher, emphasized the importance of the religious view in historical development in A Study of History and attempted to solve the contradictions facing the development of modern Western society through the concept of religious redemption. However, Toynbee's concept of religious redemption is not a perfect solution. The concept of religious redemption is the ideological product of modern Western society in the process of industrialization and modernization. Its religious background is closely related to Western history, aiming to free human beings from the shackles of egocentrism and cultivate universal love so as to enter the world of great harmony. Toynbee's idealized pursuit of the spiritual level also made him ignore the diversity of “love” generated by different freedom ideals, and he was caught in a dilemma of advancing human civilization towards self-determination through universal love. Human beings must achieve the realm of fraternity by promoting the comprehensive development of individuals and then uniting all mankind. Through an in-depth analysis of Toynbee's religious concept, this paper reveals the significance and limitations of the concept of religious redemption in the development of human civilization and discusses its enlightenment to the development of modern social civilization.
Thomas Toynbee, Historical view of civilization, Religious view, Egocentrism, Nihilism
Skra Victory (1918): Greece's Military, Political, and Social Gain
This article examines the successful Greek army operation at Skra in May 1918. This battle was the first significant deployment of Greek troops during World War I. For the Greek army, this operation was of utmost importance, as it would demonstrate both its combat capability and its willingness to fight alongside the Entente. Through the utilization of primary and secondary sources, the article analyzes the preparation of the Greek divisions and the execution of the attack. However, the research is not limited to a purely military analysis. The victorious outcome of the battle had multiple ramifications. On an international level, it strengthened Venizelos's credibility with the Allies and gave the Greek army the opportunity to demonstrate its fighting capacity and its willingness to fight alongside the Entente. At the same time, the victory demoralized the Bulgarian soldiers and broke the deadlock on the Macedonian Front. Domestically, the victory at Skra strengthened Venizelos's political position and filled the divided Greek society with pride, mitigating the disagreements of the recent past. Finally, within the Greek army itself, this particular battle acted as a catalyst. It filled it with self-confidence, morale, and faith in its combat capabilities. At the same time, it inspired those loyal to the political neutrality of Constantine, who had been reluctant to participate in the war, to enlist and fight.
Empowerment of the Poor in Non-Cash Food Assistance Program in Tanjung Pinang City, Indonesia
The purpose of this study is to determine how the empowerment of the poor in the non-cash food assistance program and the factors that can hinder the empowerment and efforts to overcome the obstacles. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection and information in this study was done using interview techniques, observation, and documentation. The data that has been collected is analyzed using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and decision making/verification. Based on the results of the research that has been done by the researcher, the conclusion obtained is empowerment through the approach of basic needs, namely non-cash food assistance in its implementation successfully meets three aspects in maintaining household strength, namely: a) social aspects, b) political aspects, and c) psychological aspects. With the fulfillment of the indicators of these three aspects, the community, in this case, the family of beneficiaries, can be said to be empowered through the Non-Cash Food Assistance program.
Sociology of Tribal Community: Lebanese Emigrants Rethinking Pedigree as Pan-Tribal Cultural Individuality in Post-War Sierra Leone.
Academics critiquing pedigree and tribal categorisation in post-war Sierra Leone have lodged diminutive concentration on how Lebanese emigrants traverse the Sierra Leone tribal categorisation scheme and how they personality cultural individuality regardless of their daily social experience with foisted tribal categorisation in Sierra Leone. This social research addresses this lacuna by exploring foreign-born Lebanese Emigrant's social distinctiveness in the circumstance of an inflicted Sierra Leonean tribal categorisation social system. The upshot detailed at this moment shapes a segment of inclusive social research that explored how Lebanese emigrants in Sierra Leone's personality interpreted the encounter of tribalisation. The social researcher debated that by interpreting their tribe as Ash-sha’b Al-Lubnani, respondents reinterpreted the tribe as a pan-tribal cultural individuality, disregarding tribal individuality from physical features and complexion. Some emigrants who certainly are not personality individualised in conditions of composition lodged tribal categories are distinguishing cultural interpretations of individuality in post-war Sierra Leone.
Sociology, Lebenese, Pan-Tribal, Cultural Individuality, Sierra Leone
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Becoming in Heraclitus and Its Bearing on Nietzsche’s Philosophy
The present dissertation is an inquiry into the affinity between Nietzsche and Heraclitus. More specifically, in section (1) I aim to establish one particular reading of the ‘doctrine of flux’ which emerges from a philological interpretation of the so-called ‘river fragments’ of Heraclitus. My claim in sections (2) and (3) is that Nietzsche’s reading of Heraclitus treads these same interpretative lines, namely a conception of the cosmos as absolute flux, governed by a reality of Becoming and measured by the concept of coincidentia oppositorum, the unity of opposites. I will analyse Nietzsche’s approach to the teachings of Heraclitus in passages of both his published and unpublished works, positing in section (4) the analogy between the Will to Power and Flux, as well as Heraclitean Logos and Nietzschean Necessity. Our final analysis (5) will turn to Nietzsche’s most troublesome doctrine, that of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same, as I will elucidate Nietzsche’s perplexing claim that Heraclitus could have been an early proponent of this theory as taught by Zarathustra. The structure of the following inquiry is historical in nature and follows intertextual parameters in the scrutiny of Nietzsche’s works, researching passages throughout Nietzsche’s philosophical corpus which are best elucidated with the reading of Heraclitus instituted in (1). Ultimately, I will demonstrate how two of Zarathustra’s fundamental teachings - the Will to Power and Eternal Recurrence – are both enrooted in Nietzsche’s understanding of the cosmos of Heraclitus in my present evaluation of the fragments. While I will not place a particular focus on it, I will also mention the final teaching of Zarathustra and make a connection to the Übermensch in passing, contextualizing each doctrine through the lens of Nietzsche’s project of life-affirmation.
Copyright (c) 2023 British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
Perception of Psychology Students on Cremation
This study explored the perception of Cremation from psychology students who have finished taking clinical psychology. It explores their views of Cremation and the factors behind those views. At the same time, provide an intervention plan. The study was primarily anchored by the Constructivist Theory of Perception by Richard Gregory (1970) and supported by the Mere Exposure Effect by Robert Zajonc (1968) and the Gateway Belief Model by Van der Linden (2019). In this qualitative study, a phenomenological research design was applied. The sixteen (16) participants were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The researcher used a semi-structured questionnaire with an open-ended interview to gather data. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically through transcription of interviews, coding, significant statements, formed meanings, clustering themes, and emerging themes. Based on the analyzed data, it resulted in nineteen (9) emergent themes, which were divided into two (2) that offered results from the sub-problems. For the participants' views on Cremation, the emerging themes are Facial and Body Deformation, Expensive Process Fees, Clean Process, and Double Killing. For the factors that affect the participants; views on Cremation, the emerging themes are Lack of Knowledge on Cremation, Influence of Status Symbols, Influence of Religion and Tradition, Family and Financial Conflict, and Before Funeral Promise. This study's conclusions and recommendations were used to help the crematorium homes and the potential client. Thus, to further explore the cremation practice in the Philippines and how it affects an enormous scope and to make a more strategic action plan.
An Analysis of Crisis Communication and Public Participation in Online Colleges and Universities from the Perspective of Emotional Contagion Theory: Taking the Case of Sichuan University Subway Photographing
The objective of the study is to examine the handling of public opinion crises in higher education institutions within the complex and rapidly evolving multimedia landscape. In this context, universities must enhance their crisis communication awareness and improve both the speed and approach to addressing public opinion crises. This research focuses on the case of Sichuan University's response to the subway voyeurism incident, revealing that universities often lack effective crisis management strategies, which inadvertently exacerbate the spread of public opinion on online platforms instead of calming public sentiment. Drawing from the social sharing theory, this study delves into the discussion of crisis communication in higher education institutions, particularly in response to events like the Sichuan University subway voyeurism incident. The results of the study indicate that universities should closely monitor and proactively address events and situations within public opinion discourse that carry potential harm. This proactive approach is essential to prevent adverse effects from arising and spreading. Additionally, universities should closely follow the development of previously sensitive warning events and promptly formulate effective response measures.
Crisis communication; Emotional contagion theory; Sichuan University subway camera incident
Influence of Group Involvement on Self-Concept among Young Adults
This investigated the effects of group participation on the self-concept of young adults affiliated with organizations at the University of Cebu - Main Campus. It further describes the factors that influence the participants to join group organizations, the experiences of participants in group involvement, and the influences of group involvement on self-concept. This study employed a qualitative research approach. The study participants ranging from 18 to 24 years old, were deliberately selected through purposive sampling. This diverse group included at least one male and one female participant from the following organizations: Lakandiwa, UCCP, UC Cheerdance, UC Chorus, Criminal Justice Society, Educators' Society, Society of Junior Hoteliers, and AB SBO. The researcher's semi-structured interview guide containing open-ended questions was used in data gathering through interviews. The thematic analysis of Braun and Clarke was used to analyze the qualitative data. Code categories and common themes were identified from the transcript of the in-depth interviews. Ten (10) emergent themes were established from the participants' responses that were classified under three (3) overarching themes, which are the statement of the problem that provided answers to the sub-problems. The emergent themes were derived from the significant statements of the participants. For the factors that influence the participants to join the group organization, the overarching theme, Factors that influence young adults to join group organizations, has five (5) emergent themes categorized as To socialize, Altruism, Self-development, Benefits, and Influenced by Peers. For the experiences of participants in group involvement, the overarching theme, Experiences to Group Involvement, has two (2) emergent themes that were categorized as Enhancement of Interpersonal Skills (Positive Experiences) and Burden (Negative Experiences). For the group involvement effect on young adults´ self-concept, the overarching theme, Influence of Group involvement on self-concept, has three (3) emergent themes: Self-confidence, Enhancement of Self-worth, and Self having a Sense of Direction. The findings and recommendations obtained from the study will be used to raise awareness of the influences of group involvement on self-concept among young adults.
Influence Of Group Involvement, Self-Concept, Young Adults, Quantitative Study, Thematic Analysis
The Regulation of Neurorights in National Legislation: What Should be Kept in Mind?
The rapid development of neurotechnologies and achievements in their practical application, as well as the increasing use of methods based on the application of artificial intelligence, represent a great reason for satisfaction, but also for concern about possible cases of their abuse. For this reason, the importance of the existence of rules, so called neurorights, that should guarantee adequate protection and preservation of the human brain and mind, is emphasized in the literature. Those rules are not only constructed at the theoretical level, but gradually become part of the normative framework of various countries and are increasingly discussed at the international level. Although there are numerous studies on neurorights, especially from the perspective of the debate on whether there is a need to regulate them as new human rights, the question of how this could be done by national legislation has not yet entered the narrower focus of research attention. To this end, by using the relevant literature, as well as the existing normative framework of various countries that regulate neurorights, the author of this article tries to contribute to discussions related to neurorights and to stimulate scientific interest in further reflection and research on the topic.
Ambedkar’s Approach to International Relations and India’s Foreign Policy
B. R. Ambedkar has been a towering personality of modern India who was instrumental in igniting the minds of the current and next generations of citizens. However, his views on various social, economic, and political aspects have been discovered and analyzed by several scholars, but his approach to studying and analyzing international relations and Indian foreign policy has remained in a shadow. However, he used a pragmatic approach to India’s foreign policy and international relations which could be more beneficial for a new India, or it could contribute to creating a powerful image of India in the world as a great and independent power. This paper tries to examine the role of Ambedkar in India’s Foreign Policy and approach to International Relations. Analytical and descriptive method has been adopted for the examination of his approach and a way to handle the same. As a result, it has been found that sometimes he adopted a liberal and realist approach, and sometimes he adopted a socialist or rationalist approach, which was, in total a pragmatic approach in itself. Thus, he was a doctor who knew the treatment according to the disease.
China, Dalits, Foreign policy, Goa, Human Rights, International Relations, Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Need for a Comprehensive Approach: Integrating Multiculturalism and National Identity in Indonesian Education
The recent awareness of multicultural reality, diversity, and national pluralism, including ethnicity, religion, culture, economic status, and politics, requires sensitivity. Multicultural education is considered an appropriate way to instill the ability of society to live in diversity. The core of multiculturalism is the willingness to accept other groups equally as a unit without considering cultural, ethnic, gender, language, or religious differences. Multiculturalism refers to cultural plurality and a certain way of responding to pluralism. Therefore, multiculturalism is not a pragmatic political doctrine but a way of life. The character of a nation is a characteristic and attitude of a nation reflected in the behavior and personality of its citizens. The nation's character can be influenced by something given and also willed for the progress of the nation and the country. Therefore, the national character depends heavily on the political will of the government or ruler of a country built in accordance with the vision of a country. There are three main pillars of the Indonesian national identity that must not be eroded in any way, namely, Indonesia as a nationality, a proclaimed state, and a territory bound by the slogan "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika". The shared goal of realizing democracy requires an appreciation of cultural diversity and a synergistic approach to managing diversity. If managed properly, conflicts that often afflict Indonesia and its people can be minimized through the ability to manage existing diversity.
Multiculturalism, diversity, national identity, cultural plurality, education
History of Animal Keeping in Ancient India and it’s Socio-Economic, Scientific Applicability in 21st Century
The human race is a member of the Mammalian class and the Primate Order. So, a human is also an animal. But what differs from other animal species is human wisdom. It is only humans who can domesticate other animals and use them to fulfill different needs. In hunting/gathering hominid societies, animals were rich sources of meat, skin, and bone. But the artistic and curious human mind kept records of his relationship with the animal world through rock paintings from the Upper Paleolithic era. From different centres of human habitats throughout the Indian Sub-Continent, a huge amount of animal remains have been discovered by Archeologists. Apart from kitchen waste which highlights the on-veg food habit of nomadic people, terracotta animal figurines, day-to-day bone tools, ivory and shell ornaments, artifacts etc., pointed out the importance and use of domesticated animals in human life. Animal domestication and husbandry became synonymous with Indian Proto-Historic and Historic civilizations not only economically / militarily but also with religious and cultural traditions. Sheep and goats were first domesticated by South Indian Neolithic men around 2 thousand and five hundred B.C. as sources of milk, wool, meat, leather and other commodities. Today’s Indian domestic fowl originated from red jungle fowl. Seals of Indus civilization were decorated with humped and hump-less bulls, goats, sheep, elephants, and fowl. Vedic Aryans husbanded horses, dogs, sheep, goats, fowl, elephants, cow-bull etc. During the Mauryan era, buffalo was included in the category of dairy cattle. Domestication of animals is not a new thing in human history. The novelty lies in Indian people’s attention and urge for the wellbeing of domesticated animals. Ancient Indian literature like Vedas, CharakSamhita, SushrutSamhita, HaritaSamhita, Agni Purana, Mastya Purana, Artha-Shastra etc. Provide proper guidance on orientation, construction, and purification of animal houses, besides veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatment of numerous diseases. In Vedic literature, Cow was considered as the measuring unit of wealth. Cow received the status of “Aghnya” [Not to be killed]. Priests were the first veterinarians of ancient India. Prominent among them were Shalihotra [Earliest expert in Horse medicine and author of “Haya Ayurveda”], Palakapya [Author of “Hasty- Ayurveda”] etc. 6th Century B.C. Indian rulers of Sravasti, Kousambi, and Lichabi kingdoms issued humped bull/cow inscribed coins. During the Indian invasion of Alexander the Great [326 B.C.], a Prince from Punjab presented Cock with engraved silver coins as a form of tribute. Arthashastra mentioned the King’s duty of ensuring enough pasture land near every village. Gopa was accountable for keeping a record of this land. Horses and Elephants were the two main war animals of the Mauryan army. Proper care was given to them. Hurting/killing of any of these species resulted in the death penalty. The third Mauryan Monarch, Asoka, after his conversion to Buddhism, established veterinary hospitals throughout his domain. Ancient Indians were aware of the technique of animal husbandry as well. In short ancient Indian Veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatments are effective in curing dysentery, cough, wound, infertility, and different infections besides psychological stress still in the Twenty-First Century. Besides terrestrial animals’ ancient Indian people were aware of the existence of fish, shells, and turtles. It is my aim in this essay to analyze customs, technologies and history of the domestication of animals by ancient Indian people and its socio-economic-scientific applicability in the scenario of the Twenty-First Century. I will utilize both primary and secondary sources to endure this goal.
“Atharva Veda”, “Shalihotra”, “Aghnya”, “Gopa”, “Artha-Shastra”
A Study of Unidirectionality under the Marsecu Theory of Technical Dissimilarity
Technological alienation is a prominent manifestation of modern society. Marcuse, a representative of the Frankfurt School, profoundly exposed and criticized the spiritual deprivation of a materially rich and developed industrial society. With the continuous progress of science and technology, social pluralism has been increasingly eroded, gradually moving towards a "one-way" state of existence, the root of which lies in the fact that the subject is a "one-way" human being. In this society, not only are politics, economics and culture 'one-dimensional' but even the instinctive needs of human beings are suppressed. This article seeks to examine how to avoid becoming a 'one-dimensional person' in the light of Marcuse's critical theory of technological alienation.
Marcuse; technological alienation; unidirectionality; critique
Misogyny and Western Political Philosophers: An Analytical Study
The tradition of political philosophy has been the greatest and oldest tradition to understand the origin of the family, society, and the state, which is clearly visible in the thoughts of Western philosophers, but in this tradition, misogyny has also been revealed. Western philosophers, from Socrates to John Rawls, have been pioneers in doing so. Western philosophical heritage rests largely on the notion of a natural inequality of the sexes. Women could not be included as equals within political philosophy until deeply held assumptions about the traditional family, its sexual roles, and its relation to the wider world of political society were challenged. This was only a major reason for the emergence of independent feminism. In the present study, therefore, an attempt is being made to find out the misogynistic ideas of western philosophers for which descriptive and analytical approach has been adopted. As a result, it is acknowledged that the misogyny of Western philosophers has been the only reason for the emergence and development of independent feminism because of which most feminists are still standing in line to counter this misogyny and to challenge their gendered interpretations to promote gender equality in the world.
Family, Gender, Inequality, Marriage, Patriarchy, Rights Subordination, Women, Western Philosophers
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison of Independent Female Images in Chinese and American Literature: A Case Study of Jia Tanchun in A Dream of Red Mansions and Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind
A Dream of Red Mansions and Gone with the Wind both feature many prominent female characters. Among them, Jia Tanchun in a Dream of Red Mansions and Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind both have independent female thoughts. In spite of different time backgrounds and cultural tradition soil, the characters they portray have certain similarities. Comparing the similarities and differences of their independent thoughts can reveal the influence of social background on the development of feminism. The objective of the study is to make a comparison of these two characters and explore the inner link between the development of feminism and social background.
Gone with the wind; A Dream in Red Mansions; comparison; Chinese and American literature; independent female images; social background.
Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History
Social Particularism and the Contemporaneity Process in Northern Sierra Leone
The vocable ‘Social Particularism’ has a weak social recognition in the classical theory of contemporaneity. It refers to social closure as well as narrow and self-interested behaviour. Social particularism is also linked with cultural communities and with pre-independence cultural activity. Its alter ego or instinct is 'regionalism,' the quintessence of contemporaneity. In this paper, it is claimed that an important path of delinking different thoughts is to discuss the interactions between social particularism and regionalism during contemporary procedures. Only through this sort of discourse can we differentiate kinds of social particularism that contrast contemporaneity and kinds of social particularism that either coexist with contemporaneity or are fit to gift a positive contribution to contemporary procedures. On this platform, the Sierra Leonean ‘Northern Question’ is discussed from a current perspective. This approach aims at moving northern Sierra Leonean political and cultural tradition seriously or considerably and looking at the possibilities of a change of such a tradition towards contemporaneity. The problem can be defined as follows: how is it possible to extend social capital and forge social trust in northern Sierra Leone commencing from prevailing thresholds of socio-cultural and socio-political particularism? The modes of this paper's participants were an advantage representative of 153 participants (93 men and 60 women) from four Districts in northern Sierra Leone. Utilising free registering mode, participants were questioned to reply to the applicable questions ‘Are there social problems within your community?’ ‘Who can help fix social problems?’ Data analysis embraced the concentration of educed social problems into a distinct register. These were then organised restrictedly using a familirisation of the sociological model, promoting social research of the social interactions between social problems at family, individual, community, and social thresholds.
‘Cronyism,' 'fambulism,' contemporaneity, social capital, northern Sierra Leone